Cervical cancer is one of the most prevalent gynecologic cancers affecting women in India. Indian women face a 2.5% lifetime risk of developing cervical cancer, nearly double the global average of 1.3%. In fact, approximately 1 in 53 Indian women are expected to be diagnosed with cervical cancer during their lifetime, with the risk being higher in rural areas. This compares to a much lower likelihood of 1 in 100 women in more developed regions. Given the rising cases of cervical cancer, it’s crucial for every woman to be informed about its signs, symptoms, and treatment options. This blog post will cover everything you need to know about cervical cancer, including its types, causes, risk factors, diagnostic process, treatment options, and preventive measures. Let’s start by understanding the condition.
What is Cervical Cancer?
Cervical cancer develops in the cervix, the lower part of the uterus often referred to as the “neck” of the womb. It typically begins in the cells lining the cervix and is primarily caused by persistent infection with certain strains of the Human Papillomavirus (HPV). The cervix contains two main types of cells: squamous cells and glandular cells, both of which can become cancerous, leading to different forms of cervical cancer. These abnormal changes often start as precancerous conditions, which can be detected through regular screening.
Common Types of Cervical Cancer
Cervical cancer is classified based on the cell type from which it originates. The common types are:
- Squamous cell carcinoma: The most common type, originating in the squamous cells lining the outer part of the cervix. It accounts for about 90% of cervical cancer cases and often develops at the transformation zone, where squamous and glandular cells meet.
- Adenocarcinoma: Arises from the glandular cells lining the cervical canal. Though less common than squamous cell carcinoma, its incidence is increasing. Adenocarcinomas can be more challenging to detect with Pap smears.
- Adenosquamous/Mixed carcinoma: A rare type that combines features of both squamous cell carcinoma and adenocarcinoma.
- Small cell neuroendocrine carcinoma: A rare and aggressive form that originates from neuroendocrine cells and tends to spread quickly.
Major Risk Factors and Causes of Cervical Cancer
While over 100 types of HPV exist, about 15 high-risk types are responsible for most cervical cancer cases, with types 16 and 18 causing around 70% of these cases (76.7% in India). Other factors that increase the risk of cervical cancer include:
- HPV infection: The most significant risk factor.
- Smoking: Doubles the risk of cervical cancer due to DNA damage in cervical cells.
- Weakened immune system: Women with conditions like HIV/AIDS or those on immunosuppressive drugs have a higher risk.
- Long-term use of oral contraceptives: Increases the risk slightly, but the benefits often outweigh the risks for most women.
- Multiple full-term pregnancies: Increases risk, possibly due to hormonal changes and higher exposure to HPV.
- Family history: Indicates a genetic predisposition.
- Exposure to Diethylstilbestrol (DES): Affects women whose mothers took DES to prevent miscarriage.
- Poor nutrition: Diets low in fruits and vegetables may increase risk due to the lack of protective nutrients.
Signs and Symptoms of Cervical Cancer
Cervical cancer often has no noticeable symptoms in its early stages, highlighting the importance of regular screening. As the cancer progresses, the following symptoms may occur:
- Abnormal vaginal bleeding, especially between periods, after intercourse, or post-menopause
- Unusual vaginal discharge
- Pain during intercourse
- Pelvic pain
- Painful or frequent urination
- Back or leg pain
- Swelling in the legs
These symptoms can also be associated with other conditions, so it’s essential to consult a healthcare provider for proper evaluation.
Stages of Cervical Cancer
Cervical cancer is staged using the FIGO system, with stages ranging from 0 (carcinoma in situ) to IVB (cancer that has spread to distant organs). The stage of cancer determines the appropriate treatment and prognosis.
How is Cervical Cancer Diagnosed?
Diagnosis involves a combination of screening tests (such as Pap smears and HPV tests), diagnostic procedures (colposcopy and biopsy), and imaging studies (X-rays, CT scans, MRI, PET scans, and ultrasound). These methods help determine the presence, stage, and extent of cervical cancer.
Treatment Options for Cervical Cancer
Treatment depends on the cancer stage and may include:
- Radiation therapy: Uses high-energy rays to kill cancer cells.
- Chemotherapy: Drugs to kill or stop the growth of cancer cells.
- Surgery: Options range from laser surgery and cryosurgery to more extensive procedures like hysterectomy or trachelectomy.
- Targeted therapy: Drugs like Bevacizumab (Avastin) target specific cancer cell markers.
- Immunotherapy: Helps the immune system fight cancer more effectively.
Complications of Advanced Cervical Cancer
Complications from advanced cervical cancer can include metastasis, kidney failure, bladder and bowel problems, fistulas, excessive bleeding, infections, weight loss, fatigue, and significant emotional and psychological distress.
How to Prevent Cervical Cancer
Prevention strategies include:
- HPV vaccination: Best given before sexual activity begins, with catch-up vaccination available through age 26 and possibly up to age 45.
- Regular screening: Pap smears and HPV tests can detect early changes before cancer develops.
- Safe sexual practices: Use of condoms and limiting sexual partners can reduce the risk of HPV.
- Healthy lifestyle: Quitting smoking, maintaining a balanced diet, and managing health conditions like HIV can lower the risk.
Final Words
Cervical cancer, while common, is often treatable if caught early. If you have concerns about cervical cancer or need guidance on prevention, early detection, or treatment, consult a specialist at Max Hospitals for personalized care and support. Schedule an appointment today to receive comprehensive cervical cancer care from our experienced team.
